Archive for the ‘System Information’ Category

MCTS 70-236 Exchange Server 2007

Posted: June 13, 2010 in EBooks, System Information
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Prerequisites to Install Exchange 2010.

Posted: June 9, 2010 in Exchange Server, System Information
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• Exchange Server 2010 only runs on Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008
R2. Since Windows Server 2008 also needs some additional software to be installed, and
bearing in mind the improvements in Windows Server 2008 R2, the latter is the better
option.
• Any Active Directory domain containing Exchange objects has to be running in (at the
very least) Windows 2003 domain functional level.
• The Active Directory forest also has to be running in at least Windows 2003 forest
functional level.
• The Schema Master and the Global Catalog Server(s) have to have a minimum level of
Windows Server 2003 R2.
• Exchange Server 2010 cannot be installed in an organization where an Exchange Server
2000 exists.

Default Mailbox Management Configuration

Posted: June 9, 2010 in Exchange Server, Server 2003, System Information
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During setup Exchange features are easily configured through the use of the Configure Email and Internet Connection Wizard. The wizard configures the following settings by default.

  • Deleted Items RetentionSet to 30 days. Changes can be made as well by running the Backup Configuration Wizard. Here you can change the value or turn the value on or off.
  • Circular LoggingEnabled to save drive space. It is recommended that you use this configuration only if a backup solution has not been selected. Circular logging is disabled after the Backup Configuration Wizard has been run.
  • Idle User SessionsThe timeout interval is set to 10 minutes.
  • SMTP ConnectorThe connector is created and configured with any send/receive options you select for Internet email.
  • Default Recipient PolicyThe default policy is created and set to your domain name. It also applies the policy to all for SMTP email addresses.
  • The Microsoft Connector for POP3 MailboxesThe connector is installed. Through the CEICW or the POP3 Connector manager you can define POP3 mailboxes that are to be downloaded to Exchange mailboxes.
  • Maximum Number of Concurrent ConnectionsFor Message Delivery the maximum number of concurrent connections is set to 500.
  • Outbound ConnectionsLimited to 10.
  • Email Attachment TypesAttachment filtering can be utilized.
  • Mail ClientsClients assigned an address within the specified local IP range are allowed to relay mail through the SMTP virtual server.

In addition to these settings, you should also be aware of the mailbox management process in Exchange and what it does for your mail server. By default, the mailbox management process is set to Never Run. However, the mailbox management process can perform some important tasks and should be enabled on the SBS server.

One of the most important tasks handled by the mailbox management process is the online defrag of the mail databases. Through the course of normal operation, mail data is added and removed from the mail database, and over time a large amount of unused space becomes scattered across the database. The online defrag process rearranges the storage within the database so that all the empty database records are moved to the end of the database file. You can also start the mailbox management process manually by right-clicking on the server object in Exchange System Manager and selecting Start Mailbox Management Process.

Enabling automatic logon in Vista

Posted: June 9, 2010 in Hack, Registry, System Information, Vista
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If you are the primary user of your computer and you do not have any other users, or if everyone in your household uses the same username, you are the perfect candidate for enabling automatic logon. Automatic logon is a great technique that will save you time that is often wasted when your computer is waiting for you to type your password. Even if you do not have a password assigned to your account, you are still required by the logon welcome screen to click your name to sign in. Having to do these tasks yourself is unnecessary and a waste of time if you are a candidate for automatic logon.

Caution Automatic logon can be a great feature but it can also create a security problem for your computer. If you use your computer for business, if you have data you prefer to keep safe from others, or both, I strongly recommend that you do not enable this feature. If you happen to step out of your office or if your laptop is stolen, you have left the door to your computer wide open. By enabling automatic logon, you are trading convenience for physical access security. However, you are not changing your network security, so your data is still safe from network attackers. The risk of someone remotely connecting to your computer is the same as if you did not have automatic logon enabled.

Enabling automatic logon is a quick and easy Registry hack. Follow these steps to speed up your sign-on with automatic logon:

  1. Click the Start button, type regedit in the Search box, and then press Enter.
  2. After Registry Editor has started, navigate through HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon.
  3. Locate the AutoAdminLogon entry. If the key does not exist, create it by right-clicking the Winlogon folder and selecting New and then Registry String.
  4. Right-click the AutoAdminLogon entry and select Modify. Set the Value to 1. Then press OK to save the new value.
  5. Locate the DefaultUserName entry or create it if it does not exist.
  6. Right-click DefaultUserName and select Modify. Set the value to the username that you primarily use to sign in to Windows. Press OK.
  7. Locate the DefaultPassword entry or create it if it does not exist.
  8. Right-click the DefaultPassword entry and set the Value to your password.
  9. Close Registry Editor and restart your computer.

After you reboot your computer, Windows Vista should automatically sign on to your account. You will notice that your computer will now get to the desktop much quicker than before. If you ever want to disable automatic logon, just go back into Registry Editor and set the AutoAdminLogon entry to 0.

Types of Recovery from System Failures in Server 2003

Posted: May 23, 2010 in Active Directory, Server, Server 2003, System Information
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Here are some of the new features:

  • Automated System Recovery (ASR). This feature simplifies the restoration of the operating system partition.
  • Goodbye, Emergency Repair Disk. There is no more ERD in Windows Server 2003. The only repair options are the Recovery Console or ASR.
  • Emergency Management Services (EMS). If a server cannot be reached via the network, EMS provides an out-of-band connection to the server via a serial port.
  • Online Crash Analysis. The kernel-mode debugging utilities in Windows Server 2003 can now run on the same machine as the operating system they are monitoring. This permits running a variety of debugging chores at the console.
  • Volume Shadow. Locked files create problems for backup programs. Users get irate when you tell them that you can’t restore a file because it was locked during the backup while they were working from home. The Volume Shadow service takes a snapshot of a locked file so that the backup program can save the snapshot.
  • System Restore. This feature, only present on XP, periodically takes snapshots of the system configuration that you can use as checkpoints for rolling back the system to a previous configuration.
  • Online event tracking. If an application fails or otherwise causes a system error, the system collects information about the failure and sends that information to Microsoft, where it is compiled and analyzed for trends.
  • Shutdown Event Tracker. This “feature,” if you want to call it that, requires that you specify a reason each time you shut down a system. This reason is put in the Event log. If the system crashes, you must specify a reason when the system restarts.

How to View Personal Certificates via the Certificates Snap-In

Posted: May 23, 2010 in Active Directory, Server, Server 2003, Server 2008, System Information
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  1. Open an empty MMC console using START | RUN | MMC.
  2. From the console menu, select CONSOLE | ADD/REMOVE SNAP-IN. The Add/Remove Snap-in window opens.
  3. Click Add. The Add Standalone Snap-in window opens.
  4. Double-click Certificates to load the snap-in. If you are logged on with an account that does not have administrator privileges, the only option is to load the your own personal certificates. Otherwise, you get additional choices of computer and service certificates.
  5. With the snap-in loaded, save the console with a descriptive name, such as Cert.msc. You may want to save it in \WINNT\System32 along with the rest of the console files so that another administrator can use it. The console does not point at your specific certificate. It loads the certificates of the user who launches the console.
  6. Expand the tree to Certificates—Current User | Personal | Certificates. Certificates issued to you are listed in the right pane. The Intended Purposes column lists the certificate’s function. If you have ever encrypted a file, you will have at least one EFS certificate. The domain Administrator account will have two certificates, one for EFS and one for File Recovery (FR).
  7. Double-click a certificate to view the contents.

You can use the Certificates snap-in to obtain new certificates. This is not generally necessary for EFS certificates because the EFS service obtains the certificate automatically when you encrypt a file. If you want to designate more Data Recovery Agents, though, you’ll need to obtain File Recovery (FR) certificates for them. You can request them using the Certificates snap-in.

EFS only issues one self-signed FR certificate. In a domain, it is issued to the domain Administrator account. For a local machine, it is issued to the first user who logs on to the machine following Setup. You’ll need a Certification Authority (CA) to issue any further FR certificates.

Types of File Encryption in Server 2003

Posted: May 23, 2010 in Security, Server, Server 2003, System Information
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If you have evaluated EFS in Windows 2000 and found critical features missing, it’s worth taking a second look at EFS in Windows Server 2003 and XP. The changes include the following:

  • New and more cryptographically robust encryption methods. You can now choose between DESX encryption (used by Windows 2000) and 3DES (Triple-DES), an algorithm that complies with government standards for handling of non-classified documents.
  • Offline file encryption. This feature is one of the most significant improvements in Windows Server 2003 and XP. It enables users to use a highly convenient feature, offline file storage, while retaining the ability to protect their files with encryption.
  • Encrypted file transfer over WebDAV. The Web-based Distributed Authorizing and Versioning redirector uses HTTP rather than SMB. Encrypted files are transferred in their encrypted state rather than being decrypted prior to transport as happens with SMB. Also, servers can store encrypted files using WebDAV without compromising security with Kerberos delegations.
  • More flexible group policy control. EFS can now be disabled throughout a domain with a single click of the mouse in a group policy. This contrasts with Windows 2000, which requires removing and re-importing X.509 certificates to control encryption.
  • Shared encrypted files. Users with encrypted files can assign access to other users. This enhances the use of EFS in a workgroup. Only individual users can be given access, not groups. Additional users can only be selected by users who already have access.
  • Copy warnings. Explorer now warns users when they attempt to copy or move encrypted files to an unprotected location such as a Zip drive, floppy drive, or FAT partition. New switches in COPY and XCOPY permit overriding these protections, if necessary.
  • Visual cues. The Explorer shell now shows the names of encrypted files and folders in a different color, similar to the way compressed files are displayed in Windows 2000.
  • Improved command-line administration. The CIPHER command-line utility has been updated with several new features, including the ability to generate file recovery certificates, the ability to search for encrypted files on a volume, the ability to refresh certificates for all encrypted files on a volume, and the ability to wipe all unused disk space to remove temporary files. (The wipe feature was released in Windows 2000 SP3.)
  • Security improvements. Although not strictly an EFS improvement, the handling of the crypto Master key has been changed so that it is not updated when a local user password is changed by anyone other than the user. This eliminates a serious deficiency for standalone laptops and desktops. Now a hacker cannot use utilities to change a user’s password (or the Administrator password) on a standalone machine to gain access to encrypted files.

Not every change is a welcome one, however. In Windows 2000, files cannot be encrypted without the certificate of a Data Recovery Agent (DRA). This ensures that a user cannot encrypt files and then quit the company and leave you without a means of recovering the files. In Windows Server 2003 and XP, it is possible to encrypt files without a DRA. This “feature” has potentially serious consequences because users could encrypt their files and then lose the private key, thereby losing access to the files permanently.

What Happens When You Start Your Computer

Posted: May 22, 2010 in Bios, System Basics, System Information
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As stated earlier in this chapter, the Windows XP/Windows Server 2003 boot sequence closely resembles that of Windows NT/2000. Listed below are the processes that take place when Windows NT-based operating system successfully starts on an x86-based computer:

  • Power On Self Test (POST)
  • Initial startup process
  • Boot loader process
  • Operating-system selection (if you have a multi-boot system)
  • Hardware detection
  • Hardware-profile selection
  • Kernel-loading process
  • Kernel-initialization process
  • User-logon process
Note The startup sequence quoted above applies to systems started or restarted after a normal shutdown. The startup processes begin when you do one of the following:

  • Turn on the computer
  • Reboot the system

However, this startup sequence does not apply when resuming from hibernate or standby modes.

When you log on, the process of loading Windows NT/2000, Windows XP, or Windows Server 2003 is completed, as well as are most of the initialization procedures. However, the startup can only really be considered as successfully completed after you log on to the system.

The following requirements need to be met to successfully begin the Windows NT/2000/XP/Windows Server 2003 startup:

  • Correct initialization of all the hardware.
  • Presence of all required files for starting the OS. If any of these files aren’t present in the correct folder or are corrupt, the startup will fail.

Registry Keys Intended for Power Management

Posted: May 22, 2010 in Registry, Server 2003, Server 2008, System Information, Vista, Windows 7, Windows XP
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In this section, we’ll discuss the registry keys that are used for power management. You may edit any of them using one of the registry editors.

Note Changing registry entries responsible for power management won’t have an immediate effect. Windows only reads settings from the registry when you log on, when you click OK in Control Panel, or when a Powerprof.dll function is called on to read the registry.

The registry keys used for power management are listed below.

  • HKCU\AppEvents\EventLabels\LowBatteryAlarm – descriptive name of a low battery-power-alarm event
  • HKCU\AppEvents\EventLabels\CriticalBatteryAlarm – descriptive name of a critical battery-power-alarm event
  • HKCU\AppEvents\Schemes\Apps\PowerCfg\LowBatteryAlarm\.Current, HKCU\AppEvents\Schemes\Apps\PowerCfg\LowBatteryAlarm\.Default, HKCU\AppEvents\Schemes\Apps\PowerCfg\CriticalBatteryAlarm\.Current, HKCU\AppEvents\Schemes\Apps\PowerCfg\CriticalBatteryAlarm\.Default – filenames of the WAV files that will play as a low and critical power-alarm events
  • HKCU\Control Panel\PowerCfg\CurrentPowerPolicy – index of current user and machine power policy
  • HKCU\Control Panel\PowerCfg\GlobalPowerPolicy\Policies – the user global power policy (binary encoded data)
  • HKCU\Control Panel\PowerCfg\PowerPolicies\n\Name – name of power scheme n, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.
  • HKCU\Control Panel\PowerCfg\PowerPolicies\n\Description – descriptive string for power scheme n, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.
  • HKCU\Control Panel\PowerCfg\PowerPolicies\n\Policies – user power policy n, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc. (binary encoded data)
  • HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Controls Folder\PowerCfg\LastID – index of the last power policy in the lists of user and machine power policies (for example, if there are six user power policies and six machine power policies in the registry, the value of this key is 5)
  • HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Controls Folder\PowerCfg\DiskSpinDownMax – the maximum disk spin-down time that Control Panel will allow the user to set
  • HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Controls Folder\PowerCfg\DiskSpinDownMin – the minimum disk spin-down time that Control Panel will allow the user to set
  • HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Controls Folder\PowerCfg\GlobalPowerPolicy\Policies – the machine global power policy (binary encoded data)
  • HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Controls Folder\PowerCfg\PowerPolicies\n\Policies – machine power policy n, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc. (binary encoded data)

Power Schemes Configuration in Registry

Posted: May 22, 2010 in Registry, Server 2003, System Information, Windows 7, Windows XP
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Power management configuration in Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 is based on the concept of power schemes. A power scheme is a group of preset power options that are passed to the Power Policy Manager component of the operating system to control the machine’s power-management behavior.

Each power scheme consists of a global power-policy structure and a power-policy structure.

  • Global power-policy structures contain preset power options that are global across all power schemes.
  • Non-global power-policy structures contain power options that are unique to a particular power scheme.

These power-policy structures are further divided into machine structures and user structures.

  • Values in machine structures are stored in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE registry key, and none of these values are exposed in the user interface. For example, you can’t set any of these values using the Power Options applet in the Control Panel.
  • Values in user structures are stored in the HKEY_CURRENT_USER registry key and some of these values are displayed in the user interface. Some of these parameters can be set using the Power Options applet in Control Panel.

The data structures defining power management policy are listed below:

  • GLOBAL_POWER_POLICY – used to manage global power policies. This structure contains the data common to all power schemes. This structure is a container for a GLOBAL_USER_POWER_POLICY structure and a GLOBAL_MACHINE_POWER_POLICY structure, which contains elements that are read from and written to the registry.
  • GLOBAL_MACHINE_POWER_POLICY – this structure is a part of the GLOBAL_POWER_POLICY structure. It contains the data common to all power schemes and users. The elements in this structure are read from and written to the HKLM key in the registry.
  • GLOBAL_USER_POWER_POLICY – this structure is a part of the GLOBAL_POWER_POLICY structure. It contains the data common to all power schemes for the user. The elements in this structure are read from and written to the HKCU key in the registry.
  • POWER_POLICY – used to manage non-global power policies. This structure contains the data unique for all power schemes. This structure is a container for the USER_POWER_POLICY and MACHINE_POWER_POLICY structures that contain the elements to be read from and written to the registry. There is one POWER_POLICY structure for each power scheme on a machine.
  • MACHINE_POWER_POLICY – this structure is a part of the POWER_POLICY structure. It contains the data unique to each power scheme, but common to all users. The elements in this structure are read from and written to the HKLM key in the registry.
  • USER_POWER_POLICY – this structure is a part of the POWER_POLICY structure. It contains the data unique to each user and power scheme. The elements in this structure are read from and written to the HKCU key in the registry.
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